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Refuting false narratives on Goddess Kali

Introduction

There are several blasphemous narratives being circulated across several public platforms about Devi Kali. In this chapter we’ll be exploring the root meaning of the different aspects of Devi Kali.

Dakshina Mahakali is Adi Mahavidya Kali. The other Kali forms are her manifestations.

Why Dakshina Kali?

Nirvana Tantra Explanation

Nirvana Tantra states the reason behind referring to her as Dakshina Kali as:

" Nirvana Tantra" दक्षिणस्यां दिशि स्थाने संस्थितश्च रवेः सुत (यमः) काली नाम्रा पलायेत भीतियुक्तः समन्ततः । अतः सा दक्षिणा काली त्रिषु लोकेषु गीयते ।।

Yamadeva who lives in dakshina direction runs away by catching a sight of Devi and doesn’t dare to take her devotees to Naraka.

Kamakhya Tantra Explanation

Kamakhya Tantra explains it as:

" Kamakhya Tantra" यथा कर्मसमाप्तौ च दक्षिणा फलसिद्धिदा । तथा मुक्तिरसौ देवी सर्वेषां फलदायिनी ।

Just the way offering dakshina after completion of rituals bestows fruits, similarly, Devi bestows the fruit of moksha upon everyone.

Another Interpretation

Another explanation is that Dakshinamurthy bhairava worshipped her first hence the name Dakshina Kali:

"Etymology" दक्षिणामूर्ति भैरवाराधिता तस्मात् दक्षिणा प्रकीर्तिता ।

Why Maata (Mother)?

Devi is referred to as Maata because she offers moksha to desire ridden as well as dispassionate sadhakas:

"Etymology of Maata" हे मातः ! (माति परिमितं ददातीति माता - मा + तृच) सकामनिष्कामभेदेन भोगमोक्षदात्रि !

She’s the spouse of the destroyer of Tripura, Bhagavan Shiva - त्रिपुरहरवधु. He destroys sthula, sukshma, and karana deha and bestows videhamukti:

"Tripurahar" स्थूल सूक्ष्म-कारणदेहान् हरतीति विदेहमुक्तिदायक त्रिपुरहरः.

Devi Kali is the Shakti who bestows Kaivalya:

"Kaivalya Shakti" तस्य विदेहमुक्तिदातुर्या शक्तिः सा त्वमेव, विदेह- 'कैवल्यदात्रीति भावः ।

Her Dark Complexion - Spiritual Significance

Acharya Hariharananda ji explained the reason behind Devi Kali’s dark complexion in his commentary of Mahanirvana Tantra:

"Color Absorption Theory" श्वेतपीतादिको वर्णों यथा कृष्णे विलीयते । प्रविशन्ति तथा काल्यां सर्वभूतानि शैलजे ॥ अतस्तस्याः कालशक्तेर्निर्गुणाया निराकृतेः । हितायाः प्राप्तयोगानां वर्णः कृष्णो निरूपितः ॥

Just the way white, yellow, etc colors get absorbed into the black color, similarly, everything merges into Devi Kali. Therefore Devi Kali had been depicted this way.

It also represents her being Nirguna:

"Nirguna Aspect" अतस्तस्याः कालशक्तेर्निर्गुणाया निराकृतेः ।

Alternative Explanations

Even योगवासिष्ठःनिर्वाणप्रकरणस्य उत्तरार्धम्सर्गः ०८४ states:

" Yogavasistha" शिवयोव्र्योमरूपत्वादसितं लक्ष्यते वपुः ॥

Bhagavan Shiva and his consort have assumed the form of akasha/vyoma that’s why they are dark in color. In reality they are chidanandarupa - चिद्रूपाभ्यामेवैताभ्यां.

Dark Cloud Symbolism

There’s another explanation which says:

"Rain Cloud Analogy" नीलमेघकान्तिरिव मनोज्ञे! नवीन जलघरो यथा अमृतवारिवर्षणेन आतपतप्तपृथ्वीं शीतलां करोति, तद्वत्त्वमपि कृपामृतवर्षणेन त्रितापतप्तसाधकाय अमृतत्वं ददासीति भावः ।

Just the way dark clouds shower nectar-like rain emancipated the earth from the scorching heat of the sun, similarly, Bhagavati Kali bestows immortality upon her devotees suffering from three miseries (आध्यात्मिकाधिभौतिकाधिदैविकरूपे दुःखत्रये - Adhyatmika, adhibhautika, and adhidaivika).

So the dark color is to show her similarity with the dark clouds.

Moon on Her Head

The moon on her head depicts that she’s beyond any change or deterioration. She’s changeless and eternal:

"Eternal Nature" नित्याया वृद्धिशून्याया अव्ययाया अपक्षयरहि तायाः शिवात्मनः कल्याणस्वरूपायाः कालरूपाया अस्याः काल्या अमृतत्वात् हेतोर्ललाटे शशिचिह्न निरूपितं कथितम् ॥

Blood from Her Mouth

Kaala (time) is her teeth which chews/devours all beings and that’s what is represented by the blood flowing from her mouth:

" Mahanirvana Tantra, Hariharananda bhashya" सर्वसत्त्वानाम् अशेषजन्तूनाम् । कालदन्तेन कालरूपेण दन्तेन । तद्रक्तसङ्घः सर्वसत्त्वरुधिरसमूहः ॥

Disheveled Hair

Her disheveled hair shows that she’s without any aberrations or deformation:

"No Deformation" केशविन्यासादिविलास विकाररहिते । निर्विकारे ।

Teeth and Tongue Symbolism

Her teeth indicative of sattva bites her red tongue is indicative of rajas and tamas which are being suppressed by sattva:

"Guna Suppression" स्वप्रकाशसत्त्वगुणसूचक शुभ्रदशनपङ्क्त्या रजोगुणसूचकरक्तवर्णी लोलरसनां दशति सत्त्वगुणेन रजस्तमश्च नाशयति या तस्याः संबोधने ।

Sword and Skull in Her Hands

Her khadga represents jnana by which Devi destroys the delusion of her sadhakas:

"Jnana Sword" श्रीमूर्ति- धारिणो त्वं' स्वीयवामोर्ध्वहस्तेन ज्ञानखड्गेन' निष्कामसाधकानां मोहपाशं छित्वा

And the skull in her hand is indicative of the foundation of tattva gyaan:

"Tattva Foundation" तदधोहस्तेन विगतरजं तत्त्वज्ञानाधारं मस्तकं दधासि।

Three Eyes

Mahanirvana Tantra 13.8 refers to sun, moon and fire as her three eyes. They are indicative of Nada, bindu, Nibodhaka or iccha, kriya, and jnana shakti.

" Shatchakranirupana verse 48, Kalicharan bhashya" ततश्च नाद-बिन्दु-निबोधिका अर्केन्दु-वह्निरूपाः, "संज्ञानेच्छाक्रियात्मानो वह्नीन्द्वर्कस्वरूपिणः ।"

Her Breasts

Her breasts are indicative of the fact that Devi bestows food and other nourishment upon all beings and immortality through amrit upon her sadhakas:

"Nourishment and Moksha" स्तन्यरूपाहार्यादिदानेन त्रिजगतां पाळयित्रि ! तथा स्तन्यामृतदानेन साधकानां मोक्षदात्रि च ।

Her breasts are also indicative of the fact that kundalini is the creator and the nourisher of this universe:

"Kundalini Power" सर्वदिग्विदिक् स्थितानां जीवानामुत्पादयित्र्या पालयित्र्या च नित्ययुवतीरूपया कुलकुण्डलिनीशक्त्या सह जीवात्मानं परमात्मनि लीनं कुर्वन् सन् । अत्र स्तनजघनधृक्" इत्यनेन कुलकुण्डलिन्याः जगतां सृष्टिस्थिति -कर्तृत्वं सूचितम् ।

Garland of Skulls

The garland of skulls are indicative of 50 letters (varnamala):

" निरुत्तरतन्त्रम्" पञ्चाशद्वर्णमुण्डालीगलद्वधिरचर्चिताम् ।

" कामधेनुतन्त्रम्" मम कण्ठे स्थितं बीजं पश्चाशद्वर्णमद्भुतम् ।

Vishwasaratantra states that paramanandamaya (blissful) Parabrahm is adorned by Shabdabrahm:

" Vishwasaratantra" परानन्दमयं ब्रह्म शब्दब्रह्मविभूषितम् ।

Girdle of Arms

"Cosmic Cycle Symbolism" मृतानां, बाहुप्रकरकृतकाञ्चीपरिलसन्नितम्बाम् '; सर्वे जीवाः कल्पावसाने स्थूलदेहान् त्यक्त्वा स्वस्व कर्मभिः सह लिङ्गदेहमाश्रित्य सगुणब्रह्मरूपिण्याः कारणदेहस्य अविद्यामयांशे पुनः कल्पा-रम्भपर्यन्तमामोक्षमवतिष्ठन्ते । अत एवात्र मृतजीवानां प्रधानकर्मसाधनभूतैः करणसमूहैः विरारूपिण्याः महादेव्याः गर्भधारणयोग्यनिम्नोदरस्य तथा योनिश्च ऊर्ध्वस्थितकटिप्रदेशे काचीकल्पिता इति भावः ।

At the end of each Kalpa all Jivas abandon their gross bodies, and existing in their subtle bodies in which their respective Karmas inhere, form part of the Avidya which is in the causal body of the Brahmarupini associated with her own Gunas (Svaguna) until they are liberated at some future time after the commencement of the next Kalpa. Hence the girdle adorning the loins, lower belly and generative organ of the Mahadevi viradrupini, capable of producing children is fashioned of the arms and hands of dead Jivas. For these arms and hands were their principal instruments for the doing of work (Karma).

Smashana Symbolism

Maha akasha itself is smashana in which all jivas merge after pralaya:

"Cosmic Crematorium" श्मशानस्थे'; महाप्रलयेसर्वभूतानि शवरूपैः शेरते लीयन्ते यस्मिन् तत्स्थानं तस्मिन् महाकाशे ।

She has corpse as her couch in smashana. Corpse is indicative of Nirguna brahm as her aadhara which is her own state:

"Corpse Symbolism" शवहृदि तल्पे ;' शवः निर्गुणब्रह्म, तल्पे आधारे, निर्गुणब्रह्मरूपाधारे; निर्गुणब्रह्मरूपस्वीयपदे अवस्थिता सतीत्यर्थः ।

Shava is indicative of Brahm:

"Shava Meaning" शव इत्यक्षरे ब्रह्मवाचकः ।।

Other Symbolic Elements

The white skulls and bones are indicative of sattva:

"Sattva Symbolism" अत्र अस्थिक‌ङ्कालानां श्वेतवर्णत्वेन सत्त्वगुणं सूचितम् । अत एव महाप्रलये मृतानां जीवानां सत्त्वादिगुणसमूहैः ।

The funeral pyres are indicative of Devi being self illumined chitshakti:

"Self-Illumined Consciousness" प्रकटितचितायाम् स्वप्रकाशरूपायांचिच्छक्तौ ।

Jackals are indicative of panchamahabhutas:

"Five Elements" शिवाभिः शिवप्रकृतिभिः अपञ्चीकृतमहाभूतैरित्यर्थः ।

Digambar Form

Devi is digambar which depicts that:

"Beyond Maya" दिक्पटधर। दिग्वस्त्राम्। मायावरणरहितः। निर्विकारचित्तः। वस्त्रं मायावरणं तेन शून्या मायातीतामित्यर्थं। गुणपरिच्छेदरहिते । निर्गुणे इत्यर्थः। विगत वासः मायावरणः यस्य तथाभूतः प्रबुद्ध इत्यर्थः।

She is without any change or modification. She is not covered with Maya and is Nirguna.

Conclusion

"Understanding Devi Kali" Similarly, there are several aspects of Devi Kalika to be explored. By the grace of Mahadeva and Devi, I managed to discuss a few of them.

Every aspect of Devi Kali’s form represents profound spiritual truths about consciousness, cosmic cycles, liberation, and the transcendence of dualities. Her fierce appearance is not meant to intimidate but to represent the ultimate reality that destroys ignorance and bestows liberation upon sincere sadhakas.