Personality disorders

Personality disorders (PD) are a class of mental health conditions characterized by enduring maladaptive patterns of behavior, cognition, and inner experience, exhibited across many contexts and deviating from those accepted by the culture. These patterns develop early, are inflexible, and are associated with significant distress or disability. The definitions vary by source and remain a matter of controversy. Official criteria for diagnosing personality disorders are listed in the sixth chapter of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) and in the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM).

Personality, defined psychologically, is the set of enduring behavioral and mental traits that distinguish individual humans. Hence, personality disorders are characterized by experiences and behaviors that deviate from social norms and expectations. Those diagnosed with a personality disorder may experience difficulties in cognition, emotiveness, interpersonal functioning, or impulse control. For psychiatric patients, the prevalence of personality disorders is estimated between 40 and 60%. The behavior patterns of personality disorders are typically recognized by adolescence, the beginning of adulthood or sometimes even childhood and often have a pervasive negative impact on the quality of life.

Treatment for personality disorders is primarily psychotherapeutic. Evidence-based psychotherapies for personality disorders include cognitive behavioral therapy and dialectical behavior therapy, especially for borderline personality disorder. A variety of psychoanalytic approaches are also used. Personality disorders are associated with considerable stigma in popular and clinical discourse alike. Despite various methodological schemas designed to categorize personality disorders, many issues occur with classifying a personality disorder because the theory and diagnosis of such disorders occur within prevailing cultural expectations; thus, their validity is contested by some experts on the basis of inevitable subjectivity. They argue that the theory and diagnosis of personality disorders are based strictly on social, or even sociopolitical and economic considerations.

wikipedia/en/Personality%20disorder

Character pathologies, or personality disorders, are a group of mental health conditions characterized by rigid and unhealthy patterns of thinking, behaving, and relating to others. These disorders are grouped into three clusters based on shared traits: Cluster A (odd or eccentric), Cluster B (dramatic, emotional, or erratic), and Cluster C (anxious or fearful). Examples include paranoid personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, and avoidant personality disorder, each with distinct symptoms affecting relationships, work, and social life.

Cluster A: Odd or Eccentric

Paranoid Personality Disorder: Pervasive distrust and suspicion of others’ motives.
Schizoid Personality Disorder: Lack of interest in social relationships and a limited range of emotional expression.
Schizotypal Personality Disorder: Social detachment, along with unusual thoughts and behaviors.

Cluster B: Dramatic, Emotional, or Erratic

Antisocial Personality Disorder: A disregard for and violation of the rights of others, often involving deceit and a lack of remorse.
Borderline Personality Disorder: Instability in moods, self-image, and relationships, as well as impulsive behavior and a fear of abandonment.
Histrionic Personality Disorder: Excessive emotionality and attention-seeking behavior.
Narcissistic Personality Disorder: An inflated sense of self-importance, a need for excessive admiration, and a lack of empathy.

Cluster C: Anxious or Fearful

Avoidant Personality Disorder: Social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation.
Dependent Personality Disorder: A pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of, leading to submissive and clinging behavior and fears of separation.
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder: A preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and control.

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