John Stuart Mill

John Stuart Mill (20 May 1806 – 7 May 1873) was an English philosopher, political economist, politician and civil servant. One of the most influential thinkers in the history of liberalism, he contributed widely to social theory, political theory, and political economy. Dubbed “the most influential English-speaking philosopher of the nineteenth century” by the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, he conceived of liberty as justifying the freedom of the individual in opposition to unlimited state and social control. He advocated political and social reforms such as proportional representation, the emancipation of women, and the development of labour organisations and farm cooperatives. The Columbia Encyclopedia describes Mill as occasionally coming “close to socialism, a theory repugnant to his predecessors.” He was a proponent of utilitarianism, an ethical theory developed by his predecessor Jeremy Bentham. He contributed to the investigation of scientific methodology, though his knowledge of the topic was based on the writings of others, notably William Whewell, John Herschel, and Auguste Comte, and research carried out for Mill by Alexander Bain. He engaged in written debate with Whewell.

A member of the Liberal Party and author of the early feminist work The Subjection of Women, Mill was also the second Member of Parliament to call for women’s suffrage after Henry Hunt in 1832.

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John Stuart Mill’s concept of autonomy centers on individual self-determination and freedom, emphasizing the importance of individuals' choices and their ability to shape their own lives. He believed that autonomy is crucial for both individual happiness and social progress. 

Here’s a more detailed look at Mill’s views on autonomy:

1. Autonomy as a Core Component of Human Excellence: Mill viewed autonomy as a key element of human flourishing and a fundamental right. He believed that individuals should have the freedom to make their own decisions and live their lives according to their own values and inclinations, rather than being dictated by external forces. 
2. Self-Determination and Individuality: Mill’s concept of autonomy encompasses the ability to make choices and act based on one’s own judgment and will. He argued that individuals should not be coerced or manipulated into adopting certain beliefs or behaviors. 
3. Autonomy as a Condition for Social Progress: Mill argued that a society that respects individual autonomy is more likely to foster innovation, creativity, and progress. When individuals are free to express themselves and pursue their own interests, they are more likely to contribute to the betterment of society as a whole. 
4. The Harm Principle and the Limits of Intervention: While Mill strongly advocated for individual liberty, he also recognized the need for some limitations to protect others from harm. His “harm principle” states that individuals should be free to do as they please as long as their actions do not harm others. 
5. Autonomy and Utilitarianism: Mill’s view of autonomy is closely linked to his utilitarian philosophy. He believed that promoting the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people requires respecting individual autonomy, as it is a necessary condition for individuals to make choices that align with their own interests and values. 

In essence, Mill’s concept of autonomy highlights the importance of individual freedom, self-determination, and the pursuit of one’s own goals as a fundamental component of a just and flourishing society.