Tathāgatagarbha

Tathāgatagarbha is a concept in Mahāyāna Buddhism that can be roughly translated as “Buddha-nature” or “Buddha-essence.” It refers to the inherent potential in all sentient beings to achieve Buddhahood, or complete and perfect enlightenment.

The term is often compared or equated to the concept of “Buddha-dhatu” or “Buddha-element,” which is seen as a kind of inner potentiality or seed that can grow into a fully enlightened Buddha. Some interpretations liken Tathāgatagarbha to the idea of a divine essence or spark within each being, akin to a soul, although this is a controversial interpretation within Buddhism given its core doctrine of Anatta, or not-self.

The concept is a central theme in several Mahāyāna texts, such as the Tathāgatagarbha Sutra, the Nirvana Sutra, and the Lotus Sutra, among others. Its interpretation and the understanding of its implications, however, can vary significantly between different Buddhist traditions and schools.

There are various interpretations of Tathāgatagarbha in contemporary Buddhist thought. Some emphasize its soteriological function, i.e., as a doctrine that encourages sentient beings to strive for Buddhahood knowing they have the innate potential to achieve it. Others stress its metaphysical aspects, including debates about whether or not Tathāgatagarbha theory is compatible with the doctrine of emptiness (shunyata) and the principles of dependent origination. Additionally, in some interpretations, the idea of Tathāgatagarbha is seen as a response to existential or psychological issues, providing a positive vision of the self and reality against the backdrop of suffering and impermanence described in early Buddhist teachings.

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